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class="top"><span><a href="/html/sitemap.xml">XML</a> | <a href="/html/sitemap.html">HTML</a> | <a href="/sitemap.txt">TXT</a></span></div> <div class="bank"> <div class="logo"> <h1><strong><a href="http://www.themmauniversity.com" style="margin-right:10px">南软g开?/a></strong><strong><a href="http://www.themmauniversity.com">׃软g开?/a></strong></h1> </div> <div class="contact-top"></div> </div> <div class="menu"> <ul> <li><a href="/">?#160;   ?/a></li> <li><a href="/About/">关于我们</a></li> <li><a href="/Advantage/">开发优?/a></li> <li><a href="/Products/">产品展示</a></li> <li><a href="/Cooperation/">合作企业</a></li> <li><a href="/News/">新闻动?/a></li> <li><a href="/Contact/">联系我们</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="banner"><img src="/images/banner.jpg" width="1000" height="341"/></div> </div> <div id="position"><div>您当前位|:<a href="/">软g开?/a> >> <a href="/News/">新闻动?/a> >> <a href="/News/Technology/">软g开发技?/a> >> 览文章</div></div> <div class="youshi_f1" id="youshi_tdyx"> <div class="youshi01"> <h1 class="article_title">关于构造函数和异常的分?/h1> <div class="article_author">d旉Q?016-12-20 16:58:36 文章作者:<a href="/">南软g开?/a> 览ơ数Q?Script Language="Javascript" Src="/item/GetHits.asp?Action=Count&GetFlag=0&m=1&ID=3049"></Script></div> <div class="article_main"><div id="MyContent"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 15px 0px 0px; line-height: 30px; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 13.3333px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(241, 241, 241);"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">如果构造函数内发生异常Q已l分配的资源是不会自动释攄Q比?/strong></p><p> </p><p> </p><p>class B{</p><p>public:</p><p>    B(){</p><p>        printf("into B constructor\n");</p><p>    }    </p><p>    ~B(){</p><p>        printf("into B destructor\n");</p><p>    }</p><p>};</p><p> </p><p>class C{</p><p>public:</p><p>    C(){</p><p>        printf("into C constructor\n");</p><p>        throw std::runtime_error(" exception from C constructor");</p><p>    }    </p><p>    ~C(){</p><p>        printf("into C destructor\n");</p><p>        }</p><p>};</p><p>class A{</p><p>public:</p><p>    A(){</p><p>        printf("into A constructor \n");</p><p>    }</p><p>    ~A(){</p><p>        printf("into A destructor \n");</p><p>    }</p><p>};</p><p> </p><p>class D:A{</p><p>public:</p><p>    D():A(), b(NULL),c(NULL) {</p><p>        printf("into D constructor\n");</p><p>        b = new B();</p><p>        c = new C();</p><p>    }</p><p>    ~D(){</p><p>        printf("into D destructor\n");</p><p>        delete b;</p><p>        delete c;</p><p>    }</p><p>private:</p><p>    B *b;</p><p>    C *c;</p><p>};</p><p> </p><p>int main(int argc, char **argv){</p><p>    D d;</p><p>    return 0;</p><p>}</p><p> </p><p>q行l果如下:</p><p> </p><p>into A constructor</p><p> </p><p>into D constructor</p><p> </p><p>into B constructor</p><p> </p><p>into C constructor</p><p> </p><p>terminate called after throwing an instance of 'std::runtime_error'</p><p> </p><p>what(): exception from C constructor</p><p> </p><p>对象c在构造过E中抛出异常Q指针b指向的内存空间不会被释放?/p><p> </p><p>如何释放b的内存呢Q首先我们可以看出c++是不会调用析构函数的Q因为析构函C知道对象已经构造了多少Q哪些资源该释放Q哪些不该释放,当然~译器可以记录这些内容,但是会严重媄响效率。另外在语义上,c++认ؓQ对象的生命周期是构造函数正常结束至析构函数l束之间Q构造不完全的对象是一个没有生命的东西Q是不存在的Q你不能对一个不存在的对象调用析构函数。编译器默认会做的只是释攑֯象d的内存空间。对象b指向的堆内存可以通过使用异常昄释放</p><p> </p><p> </p><p>D():A(), b(NULL), c(NULL){</p><p>        printf("into D constructor\n");</p><p>        try{</p><p>            b = new B();</p><p>            c = new C();</p><p>        }catch(std::runtime_error &e){</p><p>            printf("into D constructor catch \n");</p><p>            delete b; b=NULL;</p><p>            delete c; c=NULL;</p><p>       }</p><p> </p><p>q行l果如下:</p><p> </p><p>into A constructor</p><p> </p><p>into D constructor</p><p> </p><p>into B constructor</p><p> </p><p>into C constructor</p><p> </p><p>into D constructor catch</p><p> </p><p>into B destructor</p><p> </p><p>into D destructor</p><p> </p><p>into A destructor</p><p> </p><p>b被正帔R放了Q我们再做一下改变,b和c的构造放到初始化列表中做Q将D的构造函数改成下面这P</p><p> </p><p>D::D() : A(),bQnew BQ)Q,cQnew CQ)Q?/p><p>   {</p><p>   }</p><p>我们l箋使用异常,会不会有?</p><p> </p><p>D() try:A(), b(new B()), c(new C()) {</p><p>        printf("into D constructor\n");</p><p>}catch(std::runtime_error &e){</p><p>        printf("in D constructor catch: %s \n", e.what());</p><p>        cleanup();</p><p>}</p><p>看上去very nice啊,跑一下试试,</p><p> </p><p>into A constructor</p><p> </p><p>into B constructor</p><p> </p><p>into C constructor</p><p> </p><p>into A destructor</p><p> </p><p>in D constructor catch: exception from C constructor</p><p> </p><p>into B destructor</p><p> </p><p>into C destructor</p><p> </p><p>*** glibc detected *** ./a.out: free(): invalid pointer: ***</p><p> </p><p>指针错误!同时我们可以发现在进入catch语句前基cA执行了析构函敎ͼq说明到达catch语句Ӟ已经跛_了构造函数的范围QD和A的成员数据都已经是不可访问的了?/p><p> </p><p>C++Z么要q样做呢Qؓ什么构造函C外的catch语句中无法访问数据成?</p><p> </p><p>首先Q无法知道b和c是否已经初始化了Q删除未初始化指针是非法的?/p><p> </p><p>其次Q我们假讑֏以知道b初始化了Qc没有初始化,我们要删除bQ如果catch中可以访问b和c的话Q我们做个假设)Q改变B的类型,使B包含一个A*成员数据Q考虑下这U情况,</p><p> </p><p>D() try:A(), b(new B(static_cast<A*>(this))), c(new C()) {</p><p>         printf("into D constructor\n");</p><p>}catch(std::runtime_error &e){</p><p>         printf("in D constructor catch: %s \n", e.what());</p><p>         cleanup();</p><p>}</p><p>A已经析构了,b的数据成员A已经不存在,q是很危险的?/p><p> </p><p>c++认ؓQ不是基类q是数据成员构造出现失败,那么整个对象构造都是失败的Q不存在半成品。构造函数块外的catch语句Q上面这U)即没有昄地重新抛出异常,c++也会自动抛出Q一直到最下层zcd象构造处停住。比如以上例子,catch没有昄throwQ在main函数里:</p><p> </p><p>try{    </p><p>        D d;</p><p>}catch (std::runtime_error &e){</p><p>        printf("int main: %s\n", e.what());</p><p>}</p><p>仍然会捕捉到C构造函数抛出的runtime_error异常?/p><p> </p><p><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">lg,可以ȝ以下规则</strong></p><p> </p><p><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1. 构造函C外的try-catch语句只有一个用途——{换捕捉到的异常对?/strong></p><p> </p><p><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">2. 必须在构造函C内分配资源,不要在初始化列表?/strong></p><p> </p><p><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">3. 一定要用try-catch语句理资源的话Q在构造函C内?/strong></p><p> </p><p><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">4. 使用RAII方式理资源Q这会少M很多脑细胞,像这样子</strong></p><p> </p><p> </p><p>class D{</p><p>    auto_ptr<B> b;</p><p>    auto_ptr<C> c;</p><p>}</p><p>D::D() : A( )Qb(new B()), c(new C())</p><p>{</p><p>}</p><p><br/></p></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="foot"> <div class="foot_menu"> <ul> <li><a href="/About/">关于我们</a></li> <li><a href="/Advantage/">开发优?/a></li> <li><a href="/Statement/">法律声明</a></li> <li><a href="/Remittance/">汇款方式</a></li> <li><a href="/Contact/">联系我们</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="banquan"> 手机Q?8678812288 EQMail:1069706080@qq.com<br /> 地址Q山东省南市舜耕\泉城公园东门园内向北50c? 鲁ICP?7011972? 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